The Problem The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow, also known as the medial collateral ligament, plays an important role in stabilizing the elbow to valgus stress. There are three discreet anatomic structures that collectively form the UCL, namely the anterior bundle, posterior bundle, and the transverse ligament. The anterior bundle is the strongest…
The Problem Posterior shoulder instability encompasses a number of clinical conditions ranging from traumatic posterior dislocation, unidirectional posterior instability, and posterior instability as part of a multidirectional instability pattern. Similar to anterior instability initial treatment involves non-surgical modalities to strengthen and stabilize the shoulder. Surgical management addresses clearly identified bone and soft tissue structural causes…
